多多读书

手机浏览器扫描二维码访问

第11部分（第4页）

separation　of　religion　from　it　has　also　not　yet　taken　place；　and　so　much　the　less　since　the　piety　of

the　hearth　is　itself　a　profoundly　subjective　state　of　feeling。

§　45

We　have　considered　two　aspects　of　Freedom；　…　the　objective　and　the　subjective；　if；　therefore；

Freedom　is　asserted　to　consist　in　the　individuals　of　a　State　all　agreeing　in　its　arrangements　it　is

evident　that　only　the　subjective　aspect　is　regarded。　The　natural　inference　from　this　principle　is；　that

no　law　can　be　valid　without　the　approval　of　all。　This　difficulty　is　attempted　to　be　obviated　by　the

decision　that　the　minority　must　yield　to　the。　majority；　the　majority　therefore　bear　the　sway。　But

long　ago　J。　J。　Rousseau　remarked；　that　in　that　case　there　would　be　no　longer　freedom；　for　the　will

of　the　minority　would　cease　to　be　respected。　At　the　Polish　Diet　each　single　member　had　to　give

his　consent　before　any　political　step　could　be　taken；　and　this　kind　of　freedom　it　was　that　ruined　the

State。　Besides；　it　is　a　dangerous　and　false　prejudice；　that　the　People　alone　have　reason　and

insight；　and　know　what　justice　is；　for　each　popular　faction　may　represent　itself　as　the　People；　and

the　question　as　to　what　constitutes　the　State　is　one　of　advanced　science；　and　not　of　popular

decision。

§　46

If　the　principle　of　regard　for　the　individual　will　is　recognised　as　the　only　basis　of　political　liberty；

viz。；　that　nothing　should　be　done　by　or　for　the　State　to　which　all　the　members　of　the　body　politic

have　not　given　their　sanction；　we　have；　properly　speaking；　no　Constitution。　The　only　arrangement

that　would　be　necessary；　would　be；　first；　a　centre　having　no　will　of　its　own　but　which　should　take

into　consideration　what　appeared　to　be　the　necessities　of　the　State；　and；　secondly；　a　contrivance

for　calling　the　members　of　the　State　together；　for　taking　the　votes；　and　for　performing　the

arithmetical　operations　of　reckoning　and　paring　the　number　of　votes　for　the　different

propositions；　and　thereby　deciding　upon　them。　The　State　is　an　abstraction；　having　even　its　generic

existence　in　its　citizens；　but　it　is　an　actuality；　and　its　simply　generic　existence　must　embody　itself　in

individual　will　and　activity。　The　want　of　government　and　political　administration　in　general　is　felt；

this　necessitates　the　selection　and　separation　from　the　rest　of　those　who　have　to　take　the　helm　in

political