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第11部分（第2页）

seriously　made；　to　point　out　any　such　condition　as　actually　existing；　or　as　having　ever　occurred。

Examples　of　a　savage　state　of　life　can　be　pointed　out；　but　they　are　marked　by　brutal　passions　and

deeds　of　violence；　while；　however　rude　and　simple　their　conditions；　they　involve　social

arrangements　which　（to　use　the　mon　phrase）　restrain　freedom。　That　assumption　is　one　of

those　nebulous　images　which　theory　produces；　an　idea　which　it　cannot　avoid　originating；　but　which

it　fathers　upon　real　existence；　without　sufficient　historical　justification。

§　43

What　we　find　such　a　state　of　Nature　to　be　in　actual　experience；　answers　exactly　to　the　Idea　of　a

merely　natural　condition。　Freedom　as　the　ideal　of　that　which　is　original　and　natural；　does　not　exist

as　original　and　natural。　Rather　must　it　be　first　sought　out　and　won；　and　that　by　an　incalculable

medial　discipline　of　the　intellectual　and　moral　powers。　The　state　of　Nature　is；　therefore；

predominantly　that　of　injustice　and　violence；　of　untamed　natural　impulses；　of　inhuman　deeds　and

feelings。　Limitation　is　certainty　produced　by　Society　and　the　State；　but　it　is　a　limitation　of　the　mere

brute　emotions　and　rude　instincts；　as　also；　in　a　more　advanced　stage　of　culture；　of　the

premeditated　self…will　of　caprice　and　passion。　This　kind　of　constraint　is　part　of　the　instrumentality

by　which　only；　the　consciousness　of　Freedom　and　the　desire　for　its　attainment；　in　its　true　…　that　is

Rational　and　Ideal　form　…　can　be　obtained。　To　the　Ideal　of　Freedom；　Law　and　Morality　are

indispensably　requisite：　and　they　are　in　and　for　themselves；　universal　existences；　objects　and　aims；

which　are　discovered　only　by　the　activity　of　thought；　separating　itself　from　the　merely　sensuous；

and　developing　itself；　in　opposition　thereto；　and　which　must　on　the　other　hand；　be　introduced　into

and　incorporated　with　the　originally　sensuous　will；　and　that　contrarily　to　its　natural　inclination。　The

perpetually　recurring　misapprehension　of　Freedom　consists　in　regarding　that　term　only　in　its

formal；　subjective　sense；　abstracted　from　its　essential　objects　and　aims；　thus　a　constraint　put　upon

impulse；　desire；　passion　…　pertaining　to　the　particular　individual　as　such　…　a　limitation　of　caprice　and

self…will　is　regarded　as　a　fettering　of　Freedom。　We　should　on　the　contrary　look　upon　such

limitation　as　the　indispensable　proviso　of　emancipation。　Society　and　the　State　are　the　very

conditions　in　which　Freedom　is　realised。

§　44

We　must　notice　a　second　view；　contravening　the　principle　of　the　development　of　moral　relations

into　a　legal　form。　The　patriarchal　condition　is　regarded　…　either　in　reference　to　the　entire　race　of

man；　or　to　some　branches　of　it　…　as　exclusively　that　condition　of　things；　in　which　the　legal　element　is