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writing history; we are always beating our brains to discover how history ought to be written。 This
first kind of Reflective History is most nearly akin to the preceding; when it has no farther aim than
to present the annals of a country plete。 Such pilations (among which may be reckoned
the works of Livy; Diodorus Siculus; Johannes von Müllers History of Switzerland) are; if well
performed; highly meritorious。 Among the best of the kind may be reckoned such annalist as
approach those of the first class; who give so vivid a transcript of events that the reader may well
fancy himself listening to contemporaries and eye…witnesses。 But it often happens that the
individuality of tone which must characterise a writer belonging to a different culture; is not
modified in accordance with the periods such a record must traverse。 The spirit of the writer is
quite other than that of the times of which he treats。 Thus Livy puts into the mouths of the old
Roman kings; consuls; and generals; such orations as would be delivered by an acplished
advocate of the Livian era; and which strikingly contrast with the genuine traditions of Roman
antiquity (e。g。 the fable of Menenius Agrippa)。 In the same way he gives us descriptions of battles;
as if he bad been an actual spectator; but whose features would serve well enough for battles in
any period; and whose distinctness contrasts on the other hand with the want of connection and
the inconsistency that prevail elsewhere; even in his treatment of chief points of interest。 The
difference between such a piler and an original historian may be best seen by paring
Polybius himself with the style in which Livy uses; expands; and abridges his annals in those
period; of which Polybiuss account has been preserved。 Johann von Müller has given a stiff;
formal; pedantic aspect of history; in the endeavour to remain faithful in his portraiture to the times
he describes。 We much prefer the narratives we find in old Tschudy。 All is more naive and natural
than it appears in the garb of a fictitious and affected archaism。
§ 7
A history which aspires to traverse long periods of time; or to be universal; must indeed forego the
attempt to give individual representations of the past as it actually existed。 It must foreshorten its
pictures by abstractions; and this includes not merely the omission of events and deeds; but
whatever is involved in the fact that Thought is; after all; the most trenchant epitomist。 A battle; a
great victory; a siege; no longer maintains its original proportions; but is put off with a bare
mention。 When Livy e。g。 tells us of the wars with the Volsci; we sometimes have the brief
announcement: “This year war was carried on with the Volsci。”
2。 Pragmatical History
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